home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
-
-
-
- Network Working Group GADS
- Request for Comments: 940
- April 1985
-
- Toward an Internet Standard Scheme for Subnetting
-
-
- STATUS OF THIS MEMO
-
- This RFC discusses standardizing the protocol used in subnetted
- environments in the ARPA-Internet. Distribution of this memo is
- unlimited.
-
- The author of this RFC is the Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures
- (GADS) Task Force, chaired by David L. Mills.
-
- INTRODUCTION
-
- Several sites now contain a complex of local links connected to the
- Internet via a gateway. The details of the internal connectivity are
- of little interest to the rest of the Internet.
-
- One way of organizing these local complexes of links is to use the
- same strategy as the Internet uses to organize networks, that is, to
- declare each link to be an entity (like a network) and to
- interconnect the links with devices that perform routing functions
- (like gateways). This general scheme is called subnetting, the
- individual links are called subnets, and the connecting devices are
- called subgateways (or bridges, or gateways).
-
- All hosts in the Internet must make a decision when sending a
- datagram, that is, they must answer the question "Is this datagram
- addressed to a host on a directly connected network, or must it be
- sent to a gateway?". In a subnetted environment, this question is
- extended to "Is this datagram addressed to a host on a directly
- connected subnet, or must it be sent to a (sub)gateway?". Let us
- call answering this question "making the routing decision".
-
- Because the hosts used in a subnetted environment must implement in
- their IP or network interface software procedures for making the
- routing decision, and because such hosts may be acquired from various
- sources, it is important that a standard subnetting scheme be
- identified so that different suppliers can provide compatible hosts
- (that is, hosts compatible with the complexes at different sites and
- each other). Without a designated standard for a subnetting scheme
- suppliers can not create compatible hosts.
-
- The potential problem is that if different subnetting schemes are
- developed by different suppliers a customer that installs hosts from
- two or more suppliers may find that they do not work together.
-
-
-
- GADS [Page 1]
-
-
-
-
- RFC 940 April 1985
- Toward an Internet Standard Scheme for Subnetting
-
-
- This topic has been discussed in a set of RFCs [1,2,3,4] and in a
- flurry of messages in the Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task
- Force. It is strongly suggested that if subnetting is used at all,
- it be according this new standard scheme.
-
- APPROACH
-
- An Internet address currently consists of a two-layer hierarchy, a
- 'network' and a per-network 'rest' field. This subnet scheme adds an
- optional 'subnet' layer and field.
-
- The subnet field is created by stealing some bits from the rest (or
- host) field of the address. The details of the subnet field are site
- specific. All three classes (A, B, and C) of networks may be
- subnetted.
-
- The use of subnets is an optional local decision. The fact that a
- network has subnets is invisible outside that network, and the change
- is local and can be instituted at a site without any global Internet
- perturbations. A complex of links is assigned a single IP network
- number, and outside that complex it appears as a single network with
- that number. Only inside does local structure appear.
-
- However, while the decision to use subnets at a site is optional, any
- IP implementation which may possibly be used in a potentially
- subnetted environment, should provide for subnet field configuration
- as described above. Such an implementation will function properly in
- environments with or without subnetting. On the other hand,
- implementations lacking this provision will not function in a
- subnetted environment, and are thus potentially less useful.
-
- This specifications is not intended to require a particular
- implementation technique inside the host, but rather to define the
- external behavior of the host in a subnetted environment. It does
- not specify how routing is done or the details of host construction.
- Note that gateways are hosts, too.
-
- However, it seems easiest to explain the approach by describing one
- possible host implementation.
-
- Example Implementation:
-
- Let us use "subnet" to mean the locally attached transmission
- medium.
-
- The key decision to be made is "Is the destination IP address
-
-
-
- GADS [Page 2]
-
-
-
-
- RFC 940 April 1985
- Toward an Internet Standard Scheme for Subnetting
-
-
- on my subnet or not?". Once this decision is made the host
- knows to whether to send the datagram directly to the
- destination on the subnet or to send the datagram to a gateway.
-
- The host uses a 32-bit mask, along with the host's own IP
- address, to determine whether or not destination IP addresses
- are on its subnet.
-
- The mask can be configured at boot time as a static quantity or
- distributed by a protocol that is beyond the scope of this
- memo.
-
- If the bitwise AND of the mask with the destination IP address
- matches the bitwise AND of the mask with the host's own IP
- address, the destination is assumed on its subnet; if not, the
- destination is assumed on a subnet or network reachable only
- via a gateway.
-
- Note: if the mask is all zeros, all destinations will appear
- to be on this subnet; while, if the mask is all ones, only
- the sending host itself will appear to be on this subnet.
- If the mask contains ones in the network field and zeros in
- the rest field, subnets are not in use.
-
- The above procedure must be treated as a per interface
- procedure for multihomed hosts.
-
- For further information on background and rationale, see RFC-917,
- "Internet Subnets" [1].
-
- REFERENCES
-
- [1] Mogul, J., "Internet Subnets", RFC-917, Stanford University,
- October 1984.
-
- [2] Postel, J., "Multi-LAN Address Resolution", RFC-925,
- USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1984.
-
- [3] Clark, D., "A Subnetwork Addressing Scheme", RFC-932, MIT LCS,
- January 1985.
-
- [4] Karels, M., "Another Internet Subnet Addressing Scheme",
- RFC-936, UC Berkeley, February 1985.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- GADS [Page 3]
-
-
-